SPATIAL-NETWORK PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF TRADE

Abstract

The article is devoted to the theoretical generalization and deep study of the categorical and conceptual framework for researching socio-economic systems in the field of trade under the conditions of a spatial-network economy. In the context of global transformations, rapid digitalization, and structural shifts, trade has evolved beyond a traditional service-oriented sector or simple stage of commodity circulation, transforming into a complex, spatially distributed socio-economic system with a multi-layered network architecture. The study substantiates that conventional sectoral approaches fail to reflect the actual role of trade as a spatial integrator that ensures the economic connectivity of regional markets and supports national economic stability. The paper investigates the key systemic properties of modern trade, including high exogeneity, dynamic adaptability, emergence, and polycentric governance. The functional evolution of trade systems is revealed through the intensification of their socio-spatial imperative alongside the transformation of traditional economic functions (transactional, distributive, and balancing). Particular attention is paid to the dual role of trade in enhancing territorial socio-economic security, alleviating consumption disparities, and socialization of economic space. A network architecture of trade systems is conceptualized as concentric contours, combining a Digital Layer (digital platforms, marketplaces, algorithms, Big Data) for demand coordination and a Physical Layer (distribution centers, logistics hubs, parcel lockers, dark stores) for physical distribution. The mutual determination between trade systems and territorial spatial potential is established. Finally, the author’s definition of a "spatially distributed socio-economic system of trade" is proposed, defining its role as a spatial integrator that overcomes the isolation of local markets, minimizes spatial barriers, and ensures long-term regional connectivity and resilience.